Benutzer:Shi Annan/Mubahala
Vorlage:Use dmy dates Vorlage:Shia Islam The event of the Vorlage:Transliteration (Vorlage:Lang-ar) was an aborted attempt to resolve a theological dispute between Muslims and Christians in Vorlage:Circa CE by invoking the curse of God upon the liars. These debates took place in Medina, located in the Arabian Peninsula, between a Christian delegation from Najran, a city in South Arabia, and the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who proposed this solution probably when their discourse had reached a deadlock concerning the nature of Jesus, human or divine.
The Christian delegation withdrew from the challenge and negotiated a peace treaty, either immediately, or when Muhammad arrived for the Vorlage:Transliteration with his family, according to the majority of Islamic traditions. This episode has been linked to certain verses of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam, particularly verse 3:61. The event is particularly significant for Shia Muslims because Muhammad was accompanied by his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn, who are pivotal to Shia beliefs. At the time, this event must have raised their religious rank as the partners of Muhammad in his prophetic claims.
Etymology
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]The word Vorlage:Transliteration (مُبَاهَلَة) is derived from the root verb Vorlage:Transliteration, which means 'to curse', while the noun Vorlage:Transliteration can mean either 'the curse' or a scarcity of water.Vorlage:Sfn The word Vorlage:Transliteration can also mean 'withdrawing mercy from one who lies or engages in falsehood'.Vorlage:Sfn The act of Vorlage:Transliteration (Vorlage:Lit) thus involves swearing a conditional curse, for instance, "May I be cursed if...," together with a purifying oath.Vorlage:Sfn As a last resort, Vorlage:Transliteration remains a lawful option to resolve disputes in Islamic jurisprudence (Vorlage:Transliteration).Vorlage:Sfn
Event
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]With the rise of Islam in the Hejaz,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Muhammad wrote to nearby personages around the year 9 AH (631Vorlage:Ndash632 CE) and invited them to Islam.Vorlage:Sfn One such letter was apparently addressed at the bishops of the Christian community of Najran.Vorlage:Sfn A delegation of Najrani Christians later arrived in Medina to meet with Muhammad in 8,Vorlage:Sfn 9,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn or 10 AH,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn perhaps to ascertain his claims to prophethood.Vorlage:Sfn In view of their weak ties with the Sasanian Empire, these and other Christians of the south were probably in a position to independently negotiate with Muhammad.Vorlage:Sfn By one account, the delegation was led by Abd al-Masih, Abu al-Harith ibn Alqama, and Sayyid ibn al-Harith.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn There a peace treaty was finally reached by which the Christians agreed to pay an annual poll-tax (Vorlage:Transliteration) but were not required to convert to Islam or partake in Muslims' military campaigns,Vorlage:Sfn and remained in charge of for their own affairs.Vorlage:Sfn This was perhaps the first such treaty in Muslim history,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn but also resembled the treatment of Christians elsewhere by Muhammad.Vorlage:Sfn It was not until the caliphate of Umar (Vorlage:Reign) that the Christians of Najran were expelled from the Arabian Peninsula.Vorlage:Sfn
In Medina, Muhammad and the Christian delegation may have also debated the nature of Jesus, human or divine, although the delegation ultimately rejected the Islamic belief that Jesus was merely human,Vorlage:Sfn as represented by verse 3:59 of the Quran, which acknowledges the miraculous birth of Jesus but rejects the Christians' belief in his divinity, "Truly the likeness of Jesus in the sight of God is that of Adam; He created him from dust, then said to him, 'Be!' and he was."Vorlage:Sfn Indeed, this and some other verses of the third chapter (Vorlage:Transliteration), perhaps even its first seventy to eighty verses,Vorlage:Sfn are said to have been revealed to Muhammad on this occasion.Vorlage:Sfn Among these is verse 3:61, sometimes known as the verse of Vorlage:Transliteration, which instructs Muhammad to challenge his opponents to Vorlage:Transliteration,Vorlage:Sfn perhaps when the debate had reached a deadlock:Vorlage:Sfn
The following verse 3:63, "And if they turn away, then God knows well the workers of corruption,"Vorlage:Sfn has been interpreted as the subsequent rejection by the Christian delegation of Vorlage:Transliteration, that is, the Islamic belief in the oneness of God.Vorlage:Sfn
Participants
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By some reports, the delegation did not accept the challenge and instead negotiated a peace treaty with Muhammad, either because they thought possible that he was truthful in his claims,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn or because they were intimidated by the military might of Muslims.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn This is reported by the Sunni exegete Muqatil ibn Sulayman (Vorlage:Died in),Vorlage:Sfn and by the Sunni historian Ibn Sa'd (Vorlage:Died in) in his Vorlage:Transliteration.Vorlage:Sfn In a tradition cited by Muqatil, Muhammad reflects hypothetically that he would have taken with him to the Vorlage:Transliteration his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons Hasan and Husayn.Vorlage:Sfn Ibn Sa'd writes that two leaders of the delegation later returned to Medina and converted to Islam,Vorlage:Sfn which might explain their earlier refusal of the Vorlage:Transliteration.Vorlage:Sfn
Yet according to other reports, Muhammad did appear for the occasion of Vorlage:Transliteration, accompanied by his family, as instructed by the verse of Vorlage:Transliteration,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn apparently at the Vorlage:Transliteration (Vorlage:Lit) in the al-Baqi cemetery, later renamed to Vorlage:Transliteration (Vorlage:Lit).Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Those who accompanied him are often identified as Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Such reports are given by the Shia-leaning historian Ibn Ishaq (Vorlage:Died in) in his Vorlage:Transliteration, the Sunni exegete Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (Vorlage:Died in) in his Vorlage:Transliteration,Vorlage:Sfn the Sunni traditionist Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (Vorlage:Died in) in his canonical Vorlage:Transliteration, the Sunni traditionist Hakim al-Nishapuri (Vorlage:Died in) in his Vorlage:Transliteration,Vorlage:Sfn and the prominent Sunni exegete Ibn Kathir (Vorlage:Died in).Vorlage:Sfn This indeed appears to be the majority view in exegetical works.Vorlage:Sfn Here, the Islamicist Wilferd Madelung argues that the term 'our sons' (Vorlage:Transliteration) in the verse of Vorlage:Transliteration must refer to Muhammad's grandchildren, namely, Hasan and Husayn. In that case, he continues, it would be reasonable to include also in the event their parents, namely, Ali and Fatima.Vorlage:Sfn
Some traditions about the Vorlage:Transliteration add that Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak, and the five have thus become known as the Vorlage:Transliteration (Vorlage:Lit).Vorlage:SfnVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn On the same occasion, Muhammad may have defined his Vorlage:Transliteration (Vorlage:Lit) as Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,Vorlage:Sfn including the canonical collections Vorlage:Transliteration, Vorlage:Transliteration,Vorlage:Sfn and Vorlage:Transliteration.Vorlage:Sfn Alternatively, some have suggested that these claims were possibly later additions.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn At any rate, the inclusion of these four by Muhammad, as his witnesses and guarantors in the Vorlage:Transliteration ritual,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn must have raised their religious rank within the community.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Significance in Shia Islam
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That Muhammad was accompanied to the Vorlage:Transliteration by the above four is also the Shia view,Vorlage:Sfn and Shia sources are unanimous that the term 'our sons' (Vorlage:Transliteration) in the verse of Vorlage:Transliteration refers to Hasan and Husayn, the term 'our women' (Vorlage:Transliteration) therein refers to Fatima, and that the term 'ourselves' (Vorlage:Transliteration) is a reference to Ali.Vorlage:Sfn By contrast, most reports presented by the Sunni exegete al-Tabari (Vorlage:Died in) are silent about the matter, whereas some other Sunni authors agree with the Shia reports.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
The verse of Vorlage:Transliteration is often cited by Shia scholars to support their claims concerning the prerogatives of the Vorlage:Transliteration.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn In particular, if the word 'ourselves' in the verse is a reference to Ali and Muhammad, as Shia authors argue, then the former naturally enjoys a similar authority as the latter.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Likewise, the Shia exegete Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i (Vorlage:Died in) contends that the participation of these four, to the exclusion of other Muslims, necessitates their partnership with Muhammad in his prophetic claims, for otherwise there could have been no negative consequence to their participation as the verse of Vorlage:Transliteration targets only the liars.Vorlage:Sfn
Eid of the Vorlage:Transliteration
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]Eid of the Vorlage:Transliteration (عِيْد ٱلْمُبَاهَلَة) is the Shia commemoration of the Vorlage:Transliteration with the Najrani Christians, celebrated annually on 21,Vorlage:Sfn or 24 Dhu al-Hijja of the Islamic calendar,Vorlage:Sfn although the date in the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year because the former calendar is lunar and the latter is solar. The equivalent Gregorian date to 24 Dhu al-Hijja is shown below for a few years.
| Islamic year | 1440 | 1441 | 1442 | 1443 | 1445 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eid of Vorlage:Transl | 14 August 2020 | 3 August 2021 | 23 July 2022 | 12 July 2023 | 1 July 2024[1] |
Footnotes
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]References
[Bearbeiten | Quelltext bearbeiten]- Vorlage:Cite encyclopedia
- Meir M. Bar-Asher, Aryeh Kofsky: The Nusayri-Alawi Religion: An Enquiry into Its Theology and Liturgy. Brill, 2002, ISBN 978-90-04-12552-0 (google.com).
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- James Bill, John Alden Williams: Roman Catholics and Shi'i Muslims: Prayer, Passion, and Politics. University of North Carolina Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8078-2689-8 (archive.org).
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- Sidney H. Griffith: The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam. Princeton University Press, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4008-3402-0 (archive.org).
- Shī'ī Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-107-03143-2.
- Fresh Look at Ancient Christians of Najrän and Present Religious Dialogues. In: Islamic Studies. 16. Jahrgang, Nr. 4, 1977, S. 367Vorlage:Ndash375, JSTOR:20847053 (jstor.org).
- Arzina R. Lalani: Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I.B. Tauris, 2000, ISBN 1-85043-592-8.
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- The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-56181-7 (archive.org).
- La Mubâhala de Médine et l'hyperdulie de Fatima. (deutsch: مباهله در مدینه). Resalat-e Ghalam, Iran 1999 (persisch).
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- Vorlage:Citation
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- An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press, 1985, ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5.
- The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins, 2015, ISBN 978-0-06-112586-7 (archive.org).
- "We Will Make Peace With You": The Christians of Najrān in Muqātil's Tafsīr. In: Collectanea Christiana Orientalia. 3. Jahrgang, 2006, ISSN 1697-2104, S. 171Vorlage:Ndash188 (researchgate.net).
- Female Personalities in the Qur'an and Sunna: Examining the Major Sources of Imami Shi'i Islam. Routledge, 2015, ISBN 978-1-315-77014-7.
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- Vorlage:Cite encyclopedia
- Justice and Remembrance: Introducing the Spirituality of Imam 'Ali. I.B. Tauris, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84511-526-5.
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- Vorlage:Cite thesis
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- Chosen Among Women: Mary and Fatima in Medieval Christianity and Shi'ite Islam. University of Notre Dame Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-268-04231-8 (archive.org).
- Vorlage:Cite encyclopedia
- Muhammad at Medina. Clarendon Press, 1956 (archive.org).
Vorlage:Characters and names in the Quran Vorlage:Muslimholidays
[[Category:7th century in religion]] [[Category:Ahadith|Event]] [[Category:Fatima]] [[Category:Shia days of remembrance]] [[Category:Shia Islam]] [[Category:Sunni Islam]] [[Category:Christianity and Islam]] [[Category:Life of Muhammad]] [[Category:History of Shia Islam]]
- ↑ Islamic Calendar in Iran 1444, 2022-2023. In: IslamicCal.com. Abgerufen am 10. Juli 2023 (englisch).